Manufar inverter ita ce canza ƙarfin wutar lantarki na DC zuwa siginar AC domin a saka wutar lantarki a cikin kaya (misali grid ɗin wutar lantarki) a wani mita da aka bayar kuma tare da ƙaramin kusurwar mataki (φ ≈0). An nuna da'ira mai sauƙi don daidaitaccen tsari na lokaci ɗaya na Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) a cikin Hoto2 (za a iya faɗaɗa tsarin gabaɗaya zuwa tsarin matakai uku). A cikin wannan tsari, tsarin PV, wanda ke aiki a matsayin tushen ƙarfin lantarki na DC tare da wasu inductance na tushen, an tsara shi zuwa siginar AC ta hanyar maɓallan IGBT guda huɗu a layi ɗaya tare da diodes masu motsi kyauta. Ana sarrafa waɗannan maɓallan a ƙofar ta hanyar siginar PWM, wanda yawanci shine fitowar IC wanda ke kwatanta raƙuman jigilar kaya (yawanci raƙuman sine na mitar fitarwa da ake so) da kuma raƙuman tunani a mita mafi girma (yawanci raƙuman alwatika a 5-20kHz). Fitowar IGBTs an tsara su zuwa siginar AC da ta dace da amfani ko allurar grid ta hanyar amfani da nau'ikan matatun LC daban-daban.
Inverters suna cikin babban rukuni na masu canza sigina marasa motsi, waɗanda suka haɗa da yawancinsu a yau.'na'urorin da za su iya"mai canzawa"sigogin lantarki a cikin shigarwa, kamar ƙarfin lantarki da mita, don samar da fitarwa wanda ya dace da buƙatun nauyin.
Gabaɗaya dai, inverters sune na'urorin da ke iya canza wutar lantarki kai tsaye zuwa wutar lantarki mai canzawa kuma sun zama ruwan dare a aikace-aikacen sarrafa kansa na masana'antu da na'urorin lantarki. Tsarin gine-gine da ƙirar nau'ikan inverters daban-daban suna canzawa bisa ga kowane takamaiman aikace-aikacen, koda kuwa ainihin babban manufarsu iri ɗaya ne (juyawa daga DC zuwa AC).
1. Masu Canzawa Masu Haɗin Grid da Keɓaɓɓu
An raba inverters da ake amfani da su a aikace-aikacen photovoltaic zuwa manyan rukuni biyu a tarihi:
:Masu canzawa kawai
:Masu haɗa grid
Injinan inverters masu zaman kansu ana amfani da su ne kawai don aikace-aikacen da ba a haɗa injin PV da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta rarraba makamashi ba. Injin inverter yana iya samar da makamashin lantarki ga kayan da aka haɗa, yana tabbatar da daidaiton manyan sigogin lantarki (ƙarfin lantarki da mita). Wannan yana sa su cikin iyakokin da aka riga aka ayyana, suna iya jure yanayin ɗaukar nauyi na ɗan lokaci. A cikin wannan yanayin, injin inverter yana haɗuwa da tsarin adana batir don tabbatar da isasshen samar da makamashi.
A gefe guda kuma, inverters masu haɗin grid suna iya daidaitawa da grid ɗin wutar lantarki da aka haɗa su saboda, a wannan yanayin, ƙarfin lantarki da mita suna da alaƙa da juna."an sanya"ta hanyar babban grid. Dole ne waɗannan inverters su iya cire haɗin idan babban grid ya gaza domin guje wa duk wani yiwuwar samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar juyawa, wanda zai iya zama babban haɗari.
- Hoto na 1 - Misali na tsarin da ke tsaye kai tsaye da tsarin da ke da alaƙa da Grid. Hoton ya samo asali ne daga Biblus.
2. Menene Matsayin Capacitor ɗin Bas
Hoto na 2: Tsarin Faɗin Pulsed (PWM) mataki ɗayaSaitin inverter. Maɓallan IGBT, tare da matatar fitarwa ta LC, suna siffanta siginar shigarwar DC zuwa siginar AC mai amfani. Wannan yana haifar dawutar lantarki mai lalacewa a fadin tashoshin PV. Bas ɗinAna auna girman capacitor don rage wannan ripple.
Aikin IGBTs yana shigar da ƙarfin lantarki mai juyawa a kan tashar PV. Wannan ripple yana da illa ga aikin tsarin PV, tunda ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi a tashoshin yakamata a riƙe shi a max power point (MPP) na lanƙwasa na IV domin fitar da mafi yawan wutar lantarki. Ripple na lantarki akan tashoshin PV zai girgiza wutar da aka fitar daga tsarin, wanda hakan zai haifar da
ƙarancin matsakaicin fitarwa na wutar lantarki (Hoto na 3). An ƙara capacitor a kan bas ɗin domin ya daidaita ripple ɗin wutar lantarki.
Hoto na 3: Ripple na ƙarfin lantarki da aka gabatar a kan tashoshin PV ta hanyar tsarin inverter na PWM yana canza ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi daga matsakaicin wurin wutar lantarki (MPP) na jerin PV. Wannan yana gabatar da ripple a cikin fitowar wutar lantarki ta jerin don haka matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa ya yi ƙasa da na MPP na asali.
Ana ƙayyade girman (kololuwa zuwa kololuwa) na ripple ɗin wutar lantarki ta hanyar mitar sauyawa, ƙarfin PV, ƙarfin bas, da kuma inductance na tacewa bisa ga:
inda:
VPV shine ƙarfin lantarki na DC na panel ɗin hasken rana,
Cbus shine ƙarfin capacitor na bas,
L shine inductance na inductors na tacewa,
fPWM shine mitar sauyawa.
Daidaito (1) ya shafi capacitor mai kyau wanda ke hana caji ya ratsa capacitor yayin caji sannan ya fitar da makamashin da ke cikin filin lantarki ba tare da juriya ba. A zahiri, babu capacitor da ya dace (Hoto na 4) amma ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa. Baya ga capacitor mai kyau, dielectric ba shi da juriya sosai kuma ƙaramin kwararar iska yana gudana daga anode zuwa cathode tare da juriyar shunt mai iyaka (Rsh), yana kewaye da capacitor mai iyaka (C). Lokacin da wutar lantarki ta cikin capacitor ke gudana, fil, foils, da dielectric ba sa gudanar da aiki yadda ya kamata kuma akwai juriyar jerin daidai gwargwado (ESR) a jere tare da capacitance. A ƙarshe, capacitor yana adana wasu kuzari a cikin filin maganadisu, don haka akwai daidai gwargwado na jerin inductance (ESL) a jere tare da capacitance da ESR.
Hoto na 4: Daidaitaccen da'irar capacitor na gama gari. Capacitor shinewanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa marasa kyau, gami da ƙarfin dielectric (C), juriyar shunt mara iyaka ta hanyar dielectric wanda ke kewaye da capacitor, juriyar jerin (ESR), da kuma inductance na jerin (ESL).
Ko da a cikin wani abu mai sauƙi kamar capacitor, akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya lalacewa ko lalacewa. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan na iya shafar halayen inverter, duka a gefen AC da DC. Domin tantance tasirin lalacewar abubuwan capacitor marasa kyau akan ripple ɗin ƙarfin lantarki da aka gabatar a cikin tashoshin PV, an kwaikwayi inverter na PWM unipolar H-gadar H (Hoto na 2) ta amfani da SPICE. Ana riƙe capacitors na tacewa da inductor a 250µF da 20mH, bi da bi. Samfuran SPICE na IGBTs an samo su ne daga aikin Petrie et al. Siginar PWM, wacce ke sarrafa maɓallan IGBT, ana ƙaddara ta hanyar da'irar kwatantawa da juyawa don maɓallan IGBT masu tsayi da ƙananan gefe, bi da bi. Shigarwa don sarrafawar PWM sune raƙuman sine mai ɗaukar kaya na 9.5V, 60Hz da raƙuman triangle na 10V, 10kHz.
- Maganin CRE
CRE kamfani ne mai fasaha mai zurfi wanda ya ƙware a fannin samar da na'urorin ɗaukar fim, yana mai da hankali kan amfani da na'urorin lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki.
CRE tana ba da mafita mai girma na jerin capacitor na fim don inverter na PV wanda ya haɗa da hanyar haɗin DC, matattarar AC da snubber.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-01-2023