Masu juyawa suna cikin babban rukuni na masu canzawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da yawancin yau's na'urorin iya"tuba”sigogi na lantarki a cikin shigarwa, kamar ƙarfin lantarki da mita, don samar da fitarwa wanda ya dace da bukatun kaya.

Gabaɗaya magana, inverters su ne na'urorin da ke da ikon juyar da halin yanzu kai tsaye zuwa madaidaicin halin yanzu kuma sun zama ruwan dare a aikace-aikacen sarrafa kansa na masana'antu da na'urorin lantarki.Tsarin gine-gine da ƙirar nau'ikan inverter daban-daban suna canzawa bisa ga kowane takamaiman aikace-aikacen, ko da ainihin ainihin manufarsu ɗaya ce (canzawar DC zuwa AC).

1.Standalone da Grid-Connect Inverters

Inverters da aka yi amfani da su a aikace-aikacen hotovoltaic a tarihi sun kasu kashi biyu:

:Inverters na tsaye

:Inverters masu haɗin grid

Standalone inverters ne na aikace-aikace inda PV shuka ba a haɗa da babban makamashi rarraba cibiyar sadarwa.Mai jujjuyawar yana iya samar da wutar lantarki zuwa abubuwan da aka haɗa, yana tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na manyan sigogin lantarki (ƙarfin wutar lantarki da mita).Wannan yana kiyaye su cikin ƙayyadaddun iyakoki, da ikon jure yanayin wuce gona da iri na ɗan lokaci.A wannan yanayin, ana haɗe mai inverter tare da tsarin ajiyar baturi don tabbatar da daidaiton samar da makamashi.

Inverters masu haɗin grid, a gefe guda, suna iya yin aiki tare da grid ɗin lantarki wanda aka haɗa su da shi saboda, a wannan yanayin, ƙarfin lantarki da mitar sun kasance."dorawa”ta babban grid.Dole ne waɗannan masu juyawa dole su iya cire haɗin haɗin yanar gizo idan babban grid ɗin ya gaza don gujewa duk wani yuwuwar isar da babban grid, wanda zai iya wakiltar babban haɗari.

Hoto 1 - Misalin Tsarin Tsaya da tsarin haɗin Grid.Hoton bulus.

2.Menene Matsayin Capacitor Bus

Dalilin inverter shine ya canza wutar lantarki ta DC waveform zuwa siginar AC don allurar wuta cikin kaya (misali grid wutar lantarki) a mitar da aka ba da kuma tare da ƙaramin kusurwa (lokaci).φ ≈0).Sauƙaƙan da'ira na lokaci guda unipolar Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) ana nuna shi a hoto2 (za'a iya fadada tsarin gaba ɗaya zuwa tsarin lokaci uku).A cikin wannan tsari, tsarin PV, yana aiki azaman tushen wutar lantarki na DC tare da wasu inductance na tushen, ana siffata shi zuwa siginar AC ta hanyar musanya IGBT guda huɗu a layi daya tare da diodes masu kyauta.Ana sarrafa waɗannan jujjuyawar a ƙofar ta hanyar siginar PWM, wanda yawanci fitowar IC ne wanda ke kwatanta igiyar jigilar kaya (yawanci igiyar ruwa na mitar fitarwa da ake so) da kuma igiyar tunani a mitar mafi girma (yawanci igiyar triangle). da 5-20 kHz).Fitar da IGBTs an tsara shi zuwa siginar AC wanda ya dace don amfani ko allurar grid ta aikace-aikacen nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan tacewa na LC.

Samun Quote

Hoto na 2: Modulation Width Modulation (PWM) mataki-dayasaitin inverter.Maɓallan IGBT, tare da tace fitarwa na LC, suna tsara siginar shigarwar DC zuwa siginar AC mai amfani.Wannan yana haifar da alalatar wutar lantarki mai lalacewa a cikin tashoshi na PV.Bas dincapacitor yana da girma don rage wannan ripple.

Aiki na IGBTs yana gabatar da wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi a kan ƙarshen tsararrun PV.Wannan ripple yana da ɓarna ga aiki na tsarin PV, tun da ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki da aka yi amfani da shi zuwa tashoshi yakamata a gudanar da shi a max power point (MPP) na madauwari na IV don fitar da mafi yawan iko.Ƙarfin wutar lantarki akan tashoshi na PV zai girgiza ikon da aka samo daga tsarin, yana haifar da

ƙaramin matsakaicin wutar lantarki (Hoto na 3).Ana ƙara capacitor a kan bas ɗin don daidaita wutar lantarki.

Hoto na 3: Ripple ɗin wutar lantarki da aka gabatar akan tashoshi na PV ta tsarin inverter PWM yana jujjuya wutar lantarkin da ake amfani da shi daga max power point (MPP) na tsararrun PV.Wannan yana gabatar da ripple a cikin ƙarfin wutar lantarki na tsararru ta yadda matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa ya yi ƙasa da na MPP mara kyau.

Girman girman (kolo zuwa kololuwa) na ripple ɗin wutar lantarki ana ƙaddara ta hanyar mitar sauyawa, ƙarfin lantarki na PV, ƙarfin bas, da inductance tace bisa ga:

inda:

VPV shine wutar lantarki ta hasken rana ta DC,

Cbus shine capacitance na bas capacitor,

L shine inductance na inductors tace,

fPWM shine mitar sauyawa.

Equation (1) ya shafi madaidaicin capacitor wanda ke hana caji gudana ta capacitor yayin caji sannan ya fitar da makamashin da ke cikin filin lantarki ba tare da juriya ba.A zahiri, babu capacitor da ya dace (Hoto na 4) amma ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa.Bugu da ƙari ga madaidaicin ƙarfin, dielectric ba shi da cikakkiyar juriya kuma ƙaramin ɗigon ruwa yana gudana daga anode zuwa cathode tare da ƙarancin shunt juriya (Rsh), yana ƙetare ƙarfin ƙarfin dielectric (C).Lokacin da halin yanzu ta hanyar capacitor ke gudana, fil, foils, da dielectric ba sa aiki daidai kuma akwai juriya iri ɗaya (ESR) a cikin jeri tare da capacitance.A ƙarshe, capacitor yana adana wasu makamashi a cikin filin maganadisu, don haka akwai daidaitaccen jerin inductance (ESL) a cikin jerin tare da capacitance da ESR.

Hoto na 4: Daidaitaccen da'irar ma'auni mai ƙarfi.A capacitor newanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ba su dace ba, gami da dielectric capacitance (C), juriya mara iyaka mara iyaka ta hanyar dielectric wanda ke ƙetare capacitor, juriya na jerin (ESR), da jerin inductance (ESL).

Ko da a cikin wani abu mai sauƙi kamar capacitor, akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda zasu iya kasawa ko ragewa.Kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan na iya yin tasiri ga halayen inverter, duka a bangarorin AC da DC.Domin tantance tasirin lalacewar abubuwan da ba daidai ba na capacitor yana da kan ƙarfin lantarki da aka gabatar a cikin tashoshi na PV, PWM unipolar H-bridge inverter (Hoto 2) an kwaikwayi ta amfani da SPICE.Ana gudanar da capacitors da inductor a 250µF da 20mH, bi da bi.Samfuran SPICE don IGBTs an samo su ne daga aikin Petrie et al. Siginar PWM, wanda ke sarrafa madaidaicin IGBT, an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar mai kwatantawa da jujjuya kwatancen kwatancen IGBT masu girma da ƙananan gefen IGBT, bi da bi.Shigar da abubuwan sarrafawa na PWM shine 9.5V, 60Hz mai ɗaukar igiyoyin sine da igiyar ruwa mai girman 10V, 10kHz.